What Happened to the Apostles after Pentecost? (Part One)

Introduction

Before the descent of the Holy Spirit upon the Blessed Virgin Mary and all the apostles and disciples, Acts 1:15-26 says that there were about one hundred twenty of them gathered together. Peter, the leader of Christ's inner circle of Twelve, made it known to the whole community, that another should take the place of Judas Iscariot - the one who betrayed Christ and killed himself after despairing and losing hope of being forgiven. So that the Eleven may be restored to the original number of Twelve (note: twelve symbolizing the twelve tribes of Israel), they drew lots, and the choice fell on Matthias. Matthias thus became part of the apostles and was added to the Eleven.

When the day of Pentecost came, the Holy Spirit gave the apostles and the whole community of disciples, the power and the strength, to witness to Christ not only to the Jews, but also to the rest of the world. This blog post will tell that story (based mostly on holy tradition) of where the apostles preached and met a martyr's death (except for one - John).

St. Peter

Peter was the first of the apostles to preach to the Gentiles. He converted many to the Way of Jesus with his preaching. Because of the success of his evangelization, he was imprisoned by Herod Aggripa in 43 A.D. An angel of the Lord helped him escape prison. Tradition then say that he went to Rome, where he became Rome's first "bishop". From here, he ended up being crucified upside down (because Peter felt himself unworthy to be crucified in the manner of his Master) at the foot of Vatican Hill, during the Christian persecution wrought in the reign of Emperor Nero in about 64 A.D. Excavations under St. Peter's Basilica have unearthed what is believed to be his tomb.

St. James the Great

St. James was the first among the apostles to die as a martyr, around the year 42 A.D. He was beheaded in Jerusalem by Herod Agrippa I (Acts 12:1-2). Many stories report that he first preached at Spain before his martyrdom. His remains were then transferred from Jerusalem to the Church of Santiago de Compostela in Spain. Though there are no historical records to attest to this truth, the Church in Compostela, Spain, became one of the great pilgrimage centers of the Middle Ages. St. James has therefore become the patron saint of Spain, as well as the patron saint of labourers, pilgrims, and those suffering from rheumatism.

St. John the Evangelist

John was the brother of James the Great. Both were sons of Zebedee and referred to by Jesus as "sons of thunder" because of their volatile temperament. Traditional stories recount that John went to Rome during the reign of Emperor Domitian. He was said to have miraculously escaped martyrdom by emerging from a cauldron of boiling oil unscathed. He then went to Ephesus, where he was said to have witnessed the assumption into heaven of the Blessed Virgin Mary. From Ephesus, John was then exiled to the island of Patmos, where he wrote the book of Revelation. When Domitian died in 96 A.D., John returned to Ephesus and wrote the fourth gospel, plus the three New Testament epistles bearing his name. He died in Ephesus - the only one of the apostles who did not suffer the pains of martyrdom.

To be continued.

Jesus in History and in Faith

Jesus in History and in Faith

We can know Jesus through the time-bound culture of His time, and through the witness of many saints along the historical continuum of the Catholic church's multifaceted spirituality.

Introduction

Before Catholicism and Protestantism, and before all organized and institutionalized Christian religions came into existence, Christianity began in the person of Jesus and a band of disciples who followed Him closely. Though Jesus and all existing written material on Him are varied - some in agreement with each other, while others with conflicting views - the canonical sources on His life and mission are in the four gospels written by the evangelists Mark, Matthew, Luke and John. These scripture accounts are then secondly supported by many socio-historical information that provide additional background to the person, life and mission of Jesus of Nazareth. Scholars in the Roman Catholic Church are privileged to have all these sources in order, and are able to know Jesus not only through the Word proclaimed in the Eucharist, but also through the many theories proposed by those who undertook specialized and accurate studies surrounding the cultural (Jewish religion) and historical (1st century A.D.) contexts in which Jesus lived.

The four gospels

A majority of those who study the Scriptures attest to the truth that the four gospel accounts on Jesus are not totally the entire account of the life of Jesus of Nazareth. Their studies reveal that these gospel accounts are many levels of meaning apart from the person of Jesus Himself. These levels of meaning comprise the lived experience of Christian communities who practiced the teachings of Jesus and who transcribed in written form the many accounts and stories of Him. Some of those who gathered these accounts and stories were eyewitnesses of Jesus Himself; many others were disciples and followers of those eyewitnesses. It was only in about the year 70 A.D. that more substantial accounts were gathered and edited to be used in the life of the Christian communities. Starting with the evangelist Mark (feast April 25), then Matthew and Luke, and then John, these gospel accounts were written down in a form that has gone through many editions and translations - painting many dimensions on the person of Jesus not only for Roman Catholics but for all Christians as well.

Historical situation in Jesus' time

The region where Jesus lived and preached was Palestine. In 63 B.C., years before Jesus was born, Palestine was under the Romans. Herod at this time was the king of the Jewish people. It was in Herod's reign that Jesus was born. By modern calculation, that may be around 4 B.C. King Herod died and his kingdom was eventually divided among three sons: Herod Archelaus, Herod Antipas, and Herod Philip. Herod Archelaus could not quell the restlessness of his people. So, Rome deposed Archelaus and placed a Roman procurator in his stead. Jesus was about 12 years old at that time. This was the beginning of direct Roman rule - a turbulent epoch that almost led to the destruction of the temple, the city of Jerusalem and the Jewish nation in 70 A.D. It did not last long and the complete destruction of the temple, the city and the nation eventually happened in 135 A.D. This event affected the first communities of Christian who followed and were influenced by the teaching of Jesus of Nazareth.

Non Christian sources of Jesus' life

Even though there was destruction around that time, other non-Christian sources survived the destructive trend and recorded the life of Jesus. There is much evidence of Jesus in the recorded writings of Tacitus in 117 A.D. (Annales XV, 47); Pliny the Younger in 112/113 A.D. (letter to Emperor Trajan); and Suetonius in 120 A.D. (Vita Claudii, ch 25). The Jewish writer Josephus Flavius in 93/94 A.D. also made statements about Jesus in Antiquitates XVIII,5,2 and XX,9,1. These historical records on Jesus are not Christian accounts. This all the more help to understand that Jesus was also known to have lived by the non-Christian writers of that time.

The Shroud of Turin

Fast-forwarding now to modern times, we are given the evidence of the Shroud of Turin. This shroud was discovered in Europe and is popularly thought to be the genuine burial shroud of Jesus. The relic has an incredible imprint of a body of a bearded man who upon scientific investigation of the image show that he has been beaten, crowned with thorns, and pierced with nails through the wrists and feet. Radio carbon dating has been done on the relic, and the results show that the cloth of the shroud may have been produced during the Middle Ages. Also, the burnt marks on the sides of the imprinted body are said to be caused by a fire that may have occured in a monastery that preserved the shroud also during the Middle Ages. This scientific discovery caused quite a stir among those who already believed in its authenticity as the burial shroud of Jesus. Whether the man in the Shroud of Turin is really Jesus or not remains a mystery to this day. Devotees of the Shroud believe that the imprint, which is clearly unexplainable, may have resulted from the great light that transpired when Jesus was resurrected. A lot of specialized studies are still needed to mark the authenticity of this proof of the existence of Jesus.

The only person pre-announced

The gospel accounts give us many aspects of Jesus and His life. Historical records also tell of a man who lived in Palestine, preached and was crucified under Roman rule. The relic of the Shroud of Turin, though still unsubstantiated as authentic, can lead to see that a man indeed lived, underwent a cruel beating, and was nailed on the wrists and feet. But there are other sources besides all these. In the history of world religions, only the person of Jesus was pre-announced. World religions in history are full of men who claim that they came from God: Buddha, Mohammed, Confucius, Lao-tze, and many others. There were no predictions of birth about these men, but there were many predictions on the birth of Christ. These predictions are first seen especially in the Old Testament - particularly in relation to the account of the virgin birth of the Messiah. And in the New Testament we find Wise Men from the East in search of the birth of a King. From this historical points of view alone, the uniqueness of Jesus sets Him truly apart from all other founders of world religions because His birth is the only one that was pre-announced.

The faith of the martyrs

Our capacity to know who Jesus is, is both by reason (from historically written records or artifacts) and by faith (from the witness of Christians in the history of the growth of Christianity). Socio-historical evidences on the life of Jesus, help to understand by reason, that Jesus indeed lived during that time when Israel was ruled by Rome in 1st century Palestine. He was the fulfillment of the awaited Jewish Messiah prophesied in scripture and in many Eastern literature. However, the Jews at the time did not conceive of a Messiah in the likeness of Jesus. They awaited a political Messiah who would deliver them from bondage from a foreign power. Since Jesus did not fulfill their conceptions and perceptions of a Messiah, He was rejected by His own people. But despite all rejection, and despite being executed to death on the cross, Jesus was brought to life again by the power of God the Holy Spirit. The following events after the Resurrection slowly led to the Pentecost experience that transformed the followers of Jesus into courageous witnesses of God's kingdom. Their witnessing also led to their sacrificial death. And this is what is really remarkable about Jesus and the Christian faith: starting from the martyrs [Stephen, Peter and the apostles] as recounted by Scripture, history is dotted and studded with heroic and noble stories of martyrs who gave up their life out of faith in the person of Jesus. The long historical records of many Christian martyrs death truly are convincing evidence that Jesus of Nazareth lived in our human history and made Himself known to many through faith. Why would a small band of apostles go to the extent of preaching about Jesus in different lands and then sacrificing their lives if indeed they believe that Jesus died and rose again for all?

Related resources:

• "Life of Christ", by Fulton Sheen
• "Shroud", by Robert K. Wilcox
• "A History of the Church", by August Franzen and John P. Dolan
• "Jesus Before Christianity", by Albert Nolan

Memorial of Saints (May 22)

Blessed Maria Domenica got married, but she experienced the tragic loss of her husband and son Lorenzo. As a widow, she consecrated herself to works of charity for the poor and the sick. Soon, with six others, she founded the Pious Union of Charity. In 1829 A.D., she also founded a congregation which was to be popularly known as the Camillian Sisters - all dedicated to assist the sick and the poor (died ca. 1868 A.D.).

St. Rita of Cascia lived through four states of life in her lifetime: as a virgin, a married woman and mother, a widow, and an Augustinian nun. She is the patron saint of desperate causes, like St. Jude Thaddaeus. After an unhappy marriage and the death of her husband and two sons, she entered the Augustinian convent in ca. 1407 A.D. at Cascia, Italy. It is popularly known that a wound appeared on her forehead because she meditated intensely on the Passion of Christ. Given the miserable marriage she endured, she became a role model and inspiration for others in desperate marital situations (died ca. 1457 A.D.).

St. Joachima of Vedruna was also known as Joaquina de Mas de Vedruna. She founded a religious community in Spain after her husband died and she finished all her obligations in raising up her children. The religious community follows the Carmelite spirituality and came to be known as the Carmelites of Charity (died ca. 1854 A.D.).

Sts. Aemilius and Castus were African Christians. When they were arrested during the persecution of Christians under the reign of Emperor Decius, they were ordered to be tortured. Under torture, the two recanted. But after they recanted, they retracted from their recantation. So they were both burned to death as martyrs for Christ (died ca. 250 A.D.).

St. Quiteria was the daughter of a Galician prince. When her father wanted her to get married and give up her Christian faith, she fled to escape this situation. St. Quiteria's father had her tracked down through his followers. When they found her in Aire, Gascony, she was beheaded on orders from her own father (died 5th century).

St. Romanus was a monk at Monte Subiaco monastery. He was the one who brought food to St. Benedict while the latter lived as a hermit for three years in a cave. When the Vandals invaded Italy, St. Romanus went to France. It was in France where he founded the Abbey of Fontrouge near Auxerre. He spent the last years of his life in this Abbey (died ca. 550 A.D.).

St. Julia is the patron saint of Corsica. According to Catholic tradition, she was a North African of noble heritage, but was sold as a slave to a Syrian merchant when Carthage was invaded in 439 A.D. On the voyage by ship to Corsica, she did not want to debark when the ship came to shore, because her master wanted her to participate in a pagan ritual ceremony. Learning then of her Christian faith, she was tortured and then crucified (died 5th century A.D.).

St. Aigulf became a hermit at Bourges, France, after the death of his parents. Because of his reputation for sanctity, he was chosen to become bishop of Bourges in 811 A.D. He attended the Council of Toulouse in 829 A.D. When three bishops joined in a revolt of Louis the Debonaire's sons against their father, St. Aigulf was chosen to decide the fate of these three bishops (died ca. 1130 A.D.).

St. Humility is really named Rosana and was married to an Italian nobleman. Her husband got sick and almost died. After this incident in their life, both she and her husband decided to enter the double monastery near Faenza. It was here that Rosana took the religious name Humility. St. Humility lived as a recluse for twelve years before the abbot general of the Vallombrosans suggested that she found an abbey. Humility obeyed and the first Vallambrosan convent for nuns was founded near Faenza. A second house was founded at Florence, Italy. This was where she spent her last years (died ca. 1310 A.D.).